Early Hawaiian 100-milers

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By Davy Crockett

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In the late 1970s, Hawaii had the most runners per-capita than any other state. Some called it the “running capital of the world.” Hawaii was also an early adopter of the 100-mile race and other ultras distances races. Similar to the Fort Mead 100 in Maryland (see episode 75), Hawaii’s first 100-milers grew out of ultra-distance relays and shorter ultras.

In 1976, “Primo Ultramarathon and Relays” began at Hawaii Kai on the eastern tip of Oahu, using a four-mile paved road loop. A solo 50-miler was included and by 1978 expanded into solo distances of 50K, 50-miles, 100K, and 100 miles. A massive 40-mile relay was also held each year with teams of ten runners.

Running on the islands exploded. This popularity did not happen by chance. It came about because of many key individuals who devoted much of their lives to make distance running races available to the general public in Hawaii. To have an appreciation of the first 100-milers established in Hawaii, one must learn about the rich running history that evolved there over the years.

Norman Tamanaha – The Father of Distance Running in Hawaii

Distance running took place on the Hawaiian islands for centuries. Legends exist of ultrarunners running around the various islands well before the Kingdom of Hawaii was established. During the years before World War II, Norman K. Tamanaha (1907-1977) of Palama, Hawaii, emerged as a top runner when he won the Diamond Head five-miler in 1937. The first known marathon held in the islands was in 1943 from Moiliili to Makapuu.

In 1946 Tamanaha became the Hawaiian AAU 10-mile champion, and he was the first Hawaiian to finish the Boston Marathon the following year. He dominated Hawaiian races for a decade in his 40s and finished the Boston Marathon a total of five times. His best performance there came in 1952 when he finished in fifth place with 2:52:10. He achieved great fame on the islands, organized many races, was a longtime high school track coach, and became known as “the father of distance running in Hawaii.”

Roger Toguchi – AAU Races in Hawaii

As early as 1954, the AAU in Hawaii was organized and became active in putting on road races of various distances including the Hawaiian AAU Marathon. Roger S. Toguchi (1924-1978), a service station owner, was the chairman of the AAU Hawaiian long distance running committee for many years. He was a respected running pioneer who helped a generation of long-distance runners. He designed the initial marathon course to finish in front of his service station.

Continuing into the 1960s, Toguchi made a huge contribution, including financially, to amateur athletics in the Islands, not only to distance running but also to weightlifting and women’s track. For his efforts, in 1962 he was awarded a life-time membership in the AAU. From 1963-66, the Hawaiian AAU Marathon was run as loops at Kapiolani Park and then changed to follow a route that later became the course for the Honolulu Marathon.

Johnny Faerber

Johnny Faerber (1936-) was a legendary runner in Hawaii. He won the 1967 Hawaii marathon and recalled, “I was the only one to finish in ’67. We got started at 8 a.m. and it was really hot by the time we got out to Hawaii Kai. There were six or seven other guys running, but they all dropped out. We didn’t have water stops or any of that stuff then.” In 1971 Tamanaha helped move the marathon to Maui and in 1976 it was renamed to “Maui Marathon.” Tamanaha died at the age of 70 in 1977 and Toguchi died at the young age of 53 in 1978.

Kapiolani Park

Kapiolani Park, in Honolulu on the east end of Waikiki, became the centerpiece for Hawaiian running. It is one of the oldest public parks in Hawaii. In 1952, the 300-acre park started to become popular for use, when it was renovated. The two-mile circumference became a very common place to run with views of the ocean and Diamond Head. Over the years, the park was the starting and finish lines for many races.

The Mid-Pacific Road Runners Club

The Mid-Pacific Road Runners Club was founded in 1962 in Honolulu and grew to be Hawaii’s largest running club. Tamanaha was one of the founders. The club was established to promote long-distance running and organized many races and club runs as running interest grew. In the past, the AAU was providing many races, but nationwide had been the subject of criticism for rules and practices. It lacked the ability to organize many events. Clubs stepped in to provide the running opportunities that every-day runners sought. The Mid-Pacific Road Runners Club was very successful, and Kapiolani Park was the home base for the club’s running events.

The 140-mile Oahu Perimeter Relay

Hawaii became the home of several large and very long relay events attracting runners of all ages. In 1968, the club organized an annual “140-mile Oahu Perimeter Relay” for seven-member teams, similar to modern-day Ragnar relays. It was the longest continuous foot race in the state. A race promotional announcement included, “This unique athletic event will try the stamina of any man and is an opportunity to have an experience which may be unique in your life-time.”

The long relay started at Kapiolani Park. Teams, at first, were given the flexibility to run legs of any length. In 1970, the winning team of the Windward Athletic Club finished in 12:39 and they continued their winning ways for several years. By 1974, 26 teams participated, and the event grew to 70 teams the next year. “What do you do when you’re running through remote parts of Oahu in the middle of the night? You pray a lot.” That year the record was lowered to 12:11:32 by the University of Hawaii Chargers.

Birth of the Ironman

In 1976, with nearly 600 runners in the Perimeter relay, running teams left in four waves from 9 p.m. to 12 midnight. Afterwards, at the awards ceremony held at the Primo Brewery, an historic discussion occurred. After a few beers, several runners, including John Collins, Tom Knoll, and two guys who were primarily swimmers and bikers, talked the three grueling endurance events held in Hawaii. The idea of holding the first Ironman event was hatched.

“John Collins commented that it would really be something if a person could do all three of the major endurance swimming, biking, and running events held in Hawaii in one day. He said that person would be truly an ironman. Everyone laughed as if he was nuts.” The Ironman became a reality in 1978, when the “Around the Island Triathlon” was founded by Collins.

The Perimeter Relay continued each year through 2005. It was then cancelled because of safety concerns. John E Simonds, the president of the Mid-Pacific Road Runners Club said, “The club ends its round-the-island relay race with mixed feelings. It has been a part of our road-running tradition and a great occasion for competitive spirit, especially among members of the armed services based here. But increased traffic has made Oahu’s roads more dangerous.” It would have been too expensive to put on with proper police coverage. Also, the State Department of Transportation would no longer approve a permit for the race on public roads.

The Short Loop 40-mile Relay

Other relays were organized. In November 1969, the club organized an annual 40-mile “short loop relay” event for six-man teams. The loop started at Queen Surf and later moved to Kapiolani Park. In 1971, it started dark and early at 4 a.m. Thirteen teams participated with teams of up to five members who ran one-mile legs.

Honolulu Marathon

After the Hawaii Marathon moved to island of Maui, the Honolulu Marathon was established in 1973, founded by Mayor Frank Fasi (1920-2010), and organized by Dr. Jack H. Scaff (1935-) and the Mid-Pacific Road Runners Club. It was first called, “The Rim of the Pacific Run” and contributed to the running boom that exploded during the late 1970s in Hawaii. There were 167 entrants the first year. Scaff said, “We thought we were a big race. It took us all day to register them. After the race was over, the Mid-Pac Roadrunners said if we are going to be the “Boston of the Pacific” we need to train people. So, in 1974, we started the Honolulu Marathon Clinic with 4,000 runners.” For the next few years, the event doubled in size every year. By 1976 it had grown to more than 1,650 entrants and had more than 7,000 runners in 1978, with mostly local competitors.

The 1976 Primo 50-mile Fun Run and Relay

In January 1976, Jack Scaff announced that a “Primo 50-mile Fun Run” event would be held on Valentine’s Day, 1976. He was also the president of the Honolulu Marathon Association. Thomas J. Ferguson (1933-) served as the first race director.

The event was sponsored by Primo Brewing Company and benefited the Hawaii Heart Association. “This unique road-running event gives novice and veteran distance runners a chance to participate either as 10-person 40-mile relay team (covering four miles) or marathon runners (covering the entire 50 miles). Refreshments will be served and running literature distributed.” The entry fee was one dollar.

The course used was a four-mile road loop in Hawaii Kai. “The four-mile loop course covers flat ground of suburban Honolulu in the area. It will start at the recreational center, proceed counterclockwise to Hawaii Kai Drive, then to Kalanianaole Highway. The course will continue along Lunalilo Home Road, past Wailua Street and return to Hawaii Kai Drive”

An exceptionally large group of 107 solo 50-miler runners started in staggered one-hour stages Saturday night according to their projected finishing time, and the relays started at 4 a.m. on Sunday. Every solo runner who completed at least 32 miles was given a certificate. Legendary runner, 67-year-old Walter Stack (1908-1995) from San Francisco flew over to run.

Unfortunately, the inaugural race had terrible weather, cold winds, and rain. Winds gusted to fifty miles per hour “smashing plate glass windows, toppling trees and churning debris in the streets.” Of the 107 solo 50-mile starters, only 34 finished. Tom Bishop of the Kaneohe Marines won the 50-miler in 7:44, with Gordon Dugan, a University of Hawaii professor finished second, with 7:50. Ben Deputula, age 11, finished 10^th in 9:48. Mary Alic Best was the first woman with 10:10 and Stack finished in 10:58.

Seen and heard during the race: “Runners soaking their tootsies in the Rec Center pool before returning to the course. Friends shouting encouragement from the sidelines in sleeping bags. The Reverend Doug Olson blessing the run by reciting psalms of glories of running and then joining the jog himself. The runner’s cries heard through the night, ‘Lookin’ good! Lookin’ good!’ Just an average Saturday night for an Island on the run.”

The 1977 Primo Event

For 1977, 100 km and 50 km races were added to the event. Frank Bozanich (1944-) (see episode 72), a marine captain from San Diego, was the favorite in the 100 km. He was the current holder of the American 50-mile record set November 1976 in Central Park, New York. He was impressed by Hawaii’s running community. “Hawaii is so outdoor oriented. Everybody would rather be a participant than a spectator.” Dick Goodman (1920-2011), “The Ironman of Washington” also ran. He said, “People don’t realize the fantastic feeling you have after you run, how the food tastes, what a pleasure it is to have a drink. If I don’t run twenty miles a day, I don’t feel good.”

The races start on May 28, 1977. The locals were warned, “If you are driving around Hawaii Kai area tonight, those aren’t residents answering a tidal wave warning you will be seeing on the street.” There was a total of about 1,400 runners involved, including 100 ultrarunners in the solo events. The 100K started at 8 p.m., the 50-miler at 11 p.m., the 50K at 4 a.m., and the 40-mile relay at 5 a.m. It was proclaimed that Hawaii was the “running capitol of the world.”

The event certainly captivated Honolulu. “While top guest and local runners competed in grueling individual events, a swarm of mostly everyday people massed along Hawaii Kai Drive for the spirited team relay event. With free-flowing beer and soft drinks, it seemed more like a street party.” A surprised police officer directing traffic commented, “We really didn’t expect anything like this.”

Bozanich won the 100 km in 7:14:46, David Nobel won the 50-miler in 6:44:17, and Dexter Akamin won the 50 km in 3:33:00. The 40-mile relay was won by group of all-star high school track runners (Tantalus Gold) with a time of 3:41:45

1978 Primo Ultramarathon and Relays – The first Hawaiian 100-miler

In 1978, the Primo Ultramarathon and Relays continued to grow with an expected 4,600 entrants which made it the largest participant sport event ever in the state. A 100-mile event was added with six entrants.

100-Miler Entrants

Max Telford
Max Telford (1936-) grew up in Scotland then moved to New Zealand. His early running career is covered in episode 69. In the late 1970s he went to Hawaii and made a significant impact on establishing ultrarunning there.

Telford was a legitimate elite ultrarunner who sought out amazing running adventures to be the first or the fastest. Instead of running in many competitive racse, he accomplished many successful solo stunts and self-promotions, working with sponsors who at times made “over the top” claims about his abilities.

In October 1976, Telford flew to Hawaii to run the Oahu perimeter relay course, solo. Avis sponsored him, and he ran around the island, 134 miles, in 21 hours. Telford claimed that he held twelve ultrarunning world records, but they were mostly fastest known times for stunts no one else had attempted.

In 1977, Telford ran 186 miles on Maui in 31:33:38 and set a world’s fastest known time for a road 300 km. As plans were put into place to add a 100-miler to the 1978 Primo event, it was highly publicized that Telford would be running in Hawaii’s first 100-miler.

Paul Ryan

Paul Ryan (1946-) became a legendary Hawaiian ultrarunner. He attended college at Stanford, in California, where he took up distance running during his senior year. He explained, “A friend of mine at school had just finished the Boston Marathon and he talked me into taking up the sport. It seemed like a good way to get exercise inexpensively.”

After college, he went to the big island of Hawaii in 1971, where he worked as a high school teacher and basketball coach at Hawaii Preparatory Academy. He said, “In the two years of coaching, we won only three games. The school was going to make me their volleyball coach as well. But they changed their mind when they learned that I never had played the game.”

In 1974, he started to attend medical school at Hawaii School of Medicine on Oahu. He hoped to get a medical degree and practice in under-served areas of Hawaii. That year he also began competing in running races in the area from one mile to a marathon, placing high. He said, “After seeing so many patients with the diseases of civilization, heart attacks, strokes,

cancer, plus others, it made a believer out of me regarding the importance of maintaining good health.”

Ryan’s best marathon time was a respectable 2:52, but he soon learned that he did much better in the ultra-distances. In 1977 he placed second at the Primo 50-miler with 6:52:03. One person pointed out that “Paul Ryan looks more like a running back than a distance runner.” Ryan worked at improving his health and became a vegetarian. His “running back” weight went down and his running performance improved. He prepared for the 1978 100-mile race by running about 120-130 miles a week during the previous two months.

Gordon Dugan (1933-), age 44, was originally from Colville, Washington. He was a University of Hawaii engineering professor, a very experienced runner, and the president of the Mid-Pacific Road Runners Club. In 1974, he had an unusual experience. “Dugan was stopped by a policeman at a deserted intersection and charged with running a red light, literally! You see, Dugan wasn’t in a car. He was jogging. The ticket for failure to come to a stop cost him $15.”

In 1975 he won a 50-miler in 6:50:40, and in 1977 he was the masters champion at the AAU 50-Mile Championship held in Santa Monica, California. His time was 6:54:15.

Of the 100-miler, Dugan said, “I’ve been training hard, and I’m ready for the long one. I ran almost 100 miles last week, and over the past year I’ve averaged 12 miles a day.” He was a veteran of 12 marathons and several ultras during the past five years, but this was his first 100-miler.

In later years, Dugan would go on and finish Western States 100 seven times, and finish the first 36 Honolulu Marathons, his last accomplished in a walking boot.

Donald R. Boardman (1931-), was an electrical assembler. He started running marathons in 1976 and did well. He said, “I can’t stand it when people tell me I can’t do something. I like the challenge. It’s exciting to know that you’re able to do something others can’t. I guess what excites me is that you can quit any time. All you have to do is stop, so you have to tell yourself you won’t quit.” He would move to Florida a few years later.

Thomas Allen Knoll (1933-2018) was a Marine Gunnery Sergeant stationed on Oahu. He ran the 1976 Boston Marathon with a time of 3:25. But then he really stepped up the distance and accomplished a solo 134-mile run around Oahu in 35:20. When Telford tried to break the world 24-hour record, Knoll ran 100 miles with him. He also accompanied Telford for 15 days of Telford’s 1977 run across Canada.

On February 18, 1978, at Honolulu, Knoll competed in the first Ironman Triathlon ever held, and finished sixth out of twelve finishers. Of that accomplishment he said, “No one had ever done anything like that and so it was more a question of finishing than it was placing. My trophy from the race says, “Finisher,” that’s all. That was the objective, just to see if it could be done. We had no traffic controls whatsoever. You had to find your own space to bike or ride. Nobody knew what the heck we were doing out there. Nobody wore helmets.”

Ernie Bennett was a Marine Sergeant. He had never even run a marathon race but had been doing eight-mile noon runs each day and had recently ran a successful non-stop 50-miler run. He said, “I guess I missed those ‘short’ marathons during my training. But I’m looking forward to finishing the 100-miler.” He increased his training to 120 miles per week leading up to the race.

In addition to the six runners in the 100-miler, there were ten in the 100 km, 23 in the 50-miler, and 57 in the 50 km. There were also 449 relay teams of 10 runner each.

The 1978 100 Miler

On race day, May 27, 1978, Boardman for some reason started early before the official start. Four others started at the official 4 p.m., start. Curiously, despite all the publicity in the news, Telford, failed to show up and gave no explanation. Did some legitimate competition scare him away?

Once the relay got started the next morning, “the roads were ruled by the masses of people. Traffic was squeezed down from four lanes to two and even the cars were forced to crawl, giving precedence to the human race. While most of the relay teams picnicked on the sidewalks, screaming, chanting and waving placards and banners, some serious running was going on in the ultramarathon division.”

For the historic 100-mile race, Ryan built up a big lead but “hit the wall” at mile 89 and had to walk quite a bit during the last eleven miles. He became badly dehydrated during the humid race and lost fourteen pounds. He said, “The high humidity in the sheltered areas and the strong headwinds made the last two or three laps really difficult. My left hip also bothered me early in the race but it worked its way out.” Toward the end of his run, an interested psychiatrist examined him and found him to be border-line psychotic. Ryan said, “At times during the night I lost touch with reality. At one moment I would be happy and floating, and at the next moment I would be sad and depressed.”

Ryan hung on and finished in 15:30:00 for first place, the 8^th fastest 100-mile time in America that year. Soon after he stopped, his wits returned, and he started to think about his next long run. He said, “I was gonna take a victory lap but you don’t run something like this for fun but just to finish and I’m afraid if I sit down, I many never be able to stand up.”

Dugan finished in second with 17:36. Boardman was credited with a 20:23 finish. Knoll also finished in more than 20 hours

The 1979 100-Miler

In 1979, race organizers were anxious to see a Ryan-Telford match-up in the 100-miler. To lure Ryan back to run the 100-miler, the race director, in jest, sent him twenty-five cents for bus fare expense money.

That year the ultramarathons and relays attracted 6,400 runners, with more than two hundred running solo ultra distances. It was thought to be the largest number of athletes to participate in a sporting event ever at that time in Hawaii. Ryan was well-trained and even ran some 180-mile weeks.

The 100-mile event began at 4:00 p.m. on May 26, 1979. Telford ran hard from the start and wanted to push for a lap lead over the field to put a psychological pressure over the competition. Ryan was in close pursuit of Telford for about eight miles. Then came the rain, darkness, heat, and humidity and Ryan struggled. He explained, “I had muscle cramps at around 25-30 miles, but I took some aspirin and got rid of them. The hardest part was having to repeat the course over and over again during the night.”

Telford also struggled. He said, “During the night the air became heavy and humid and I slowed a bit. It wasn’t like my lead was threatened since Paul Ryan, my nearest competitor was running nearly a full lap behind me.”

Telford went on to win in 13:53:44. Ryan came in second with 14:42:59, his lifetime 100-mile best. Some wondered why Ryan did not win again that year. He explained, “Actually I was well-satisfied with my performance. My time was 47 minutes faster than my winning time last year. The only difference that I can see was that Telford was entered in this year’s race.” Telford boasted, “I expected to do better. What is important is that I won the race.”

Four other runners also finished, Tom Knoll in 17:56:26, Carol Ouchi in 19:27:46, Don Boardman in 20:58:30, and Dr. Herbert Fred in 22:21:39. Ouchi, a legal secretary, set the state’s women’s records in both the 50-mile and 100-mile distances. She said, “I never really wanted to quit. But it was an awful long night of running. Don’t asked me today if I ever want to run it again. I might say no.”

Ryan later explained what it was like to run 100 miles, “Everything becomes painful. Every muscle in your body hurts, not just your leg. Your stomach, your back, your chest, your arms, everything’s stiff and sore. You might have blisters, or knee or hip or arch or ankle problems. Your joints are all aching and you become depressed. You’re approaching the boundaries of sanity. You get mad at little things. You get upset. You say nasty things to people. Everything is mass, self-inflicted punishment in the name of the sport. Anyone can do this. The hardest part is to condition the mind to continue.”

Telford had worked hard to do well. “I do it because I’m good at it and I’m fairly ambitious. I want to be Number One. I’m thinking about running 100 miles even when I’m on a 10-mile training run. Conditioning yourself psychologically is over 50 percent of it, and you’ve got to have that knack for an ultramarathon.”

The 1980 100-miler

In 1980 Max Telford, age 45, won the 100-miler again with a time of 15:15:55. Ryan chose to run the 100 km that year. Telford built up a four-mile lap lead over the 100-mile field by sixteen miles and cruised to the win, but not as fast as his win in 1979. He explained why he ran slower than the previous year. “The weather conditions were just too bad for any kind of good performance. We had a torrential downpour between 8:00 and 11:00 p.m. and it was awfully humid the rest of the time. The rain caused some pretty bad blisters on my feet. But probably the worst part of it was the lack of competition. It’s hard to push yourself and it gets pretty boring when it’s not competitive.”

Other 100-mile finishers included Daniel Chamizo in 17:41:00, Tom Knoll in 19:54:20, and Francis Bennet in 23:30:00.

Ryan and Dugan battled hard against each other in the 100 km but then decided to run the last few laps together. They tied for the win.

The 1981 100-miler

In 1981, the event was renamed to “The Hawaii Festival of Running.” It was Ryan’s turn to win without serious competition among the field of twelve 100-mile starters. He said, “You need competition in order to keep your concentration going and to keep pushing. I took the lead at around 28 miles and by 60 miles the competition had disappeared. It really makes a difference when you don’t have anyone there to force the pace.” He finished in 16:13:18 in hot and muggy conditions. At the finish he said, “My thighs and legs are a little stiff and not ready to run another 100 miles, but mentally I feel good and ready to run again.” The only other finisher was Sam Wong in 27:19:02.

Later years

In 1982, Telford won again with 15:36:49 against twelve starters and Ryan finished second in the 100 km. About 4,600 runners participated that year.

In 1983, it was Ryan’s turn again to win in 16:49:05 as Telford won the 100 km. By 1984, interest in the 100-miler and the other ultras started to dwindle and Telford DNFed the 100-miler. There were just two finishers with a woman runner, Noel Murchie (1936-) as the overall winner with 20:37:49. In 1985 the solo ultra events were discontinued. The event was only a 32-mile relay. The Hawaii Festival of Running was discontinued in 1986 because of difficulties obtaining liability insurance.

Later in the 1980s the Hawaiian Ultrarunning Team (H.U.R.T.) was established including runners who mostly ran on trails. The club became responsible for most of the ultras since the late 1980s. But no formal 100-mile race was held in Hawaii for 17 years. H.U.R.T 100 was established in 2001 with eight finishers.

What happened to Paul Ryan?

Ryan stayed active in the running community during the 1980s. In 1981, he co-authored a book with marathon runner Noel Murchie, Hawaii – A Runner’s Guide. He also contributed columns to the Ultrarunning Magazine. In 1981, Ryan and Murchie ran for nine days circling the island of Maui. In 1983 Ryan traveled to California and ran in Western States, finishing in 20:35. It was proclaimed in the news that he was the first runner from Hawaii to ever finish the famed race. However, that was not true. The first Hawaiian finisher was Jeff Nakama from Maui, who finished 1978 Western States in 26:39.

By 1987, Ryan dropped off the ultrarunning radar. Sadly, in 1993 he was disciplined in Hawaii for substance abuse and his medical license was suspended for a year. He also could no longer prescribe controlled substances. He likely moved away from Hawaii and may live in New York. In 2021, he was 75 years old.

What happened to Max Telford?

In 1979 Telford moved from New Zealand to Hawaii to take advantage of his fame there. He started promoting a line of running clothes and athletic equipment. He also became a professional running coach. For a while, Telford led running groups weekday mornings at 6:00 a.m. with some new running shoes he was promoting. He was also hired by Air New Zealand to do public relations and he was trying to organize “adventure runs” with the airline, hoping to take groups to “run with Max” in places like the Grand Canyon and Death Valley. The idea fizzled.

Telford continued for the next decade to do creative journey runs, accomplishing various mountain firsts, ran in a few real races, and successfully cashed in on his fame with some good publicity management help. By 2016 he said he had run more than 180,000 lifetime miles. In 2021, Max Telford was 85 and living in the Philippines where he owned six hairdressing salons.

The parts of this 100-mile series:

Sources:

Hawaii Tribune-Herald (Hilo, Hawaii) Jan 4, 1971, Jun 1, 1983
The Honolulu Advertiser (Hawaii) Aug 3, 1953, Oct 7, 1974, Feb 10, 1975, Jan 16, 28, Feb 16,17, Oct 5, 1976, May 28,30, Sep 13, 1977, Mar 8, 1979, May 26, 1980, May 25, 1981, Nov 4, 2005
Honolulu Advertiser (Hawaii) Nov 5, 1969, Feb 4, 16, 1976, Jul 19, 1977, May 27,29, 1978, Oct 3, 1998, May 31, 1982, Aug 29, 2008
Honolulu Star-Bulletin (Hawaii) Jan 1, 1937, Jun 30, 1961, Dec 20, 1962, Nov 7, 1969, Jan 16, 1970, Aug 28, 1971, Jan 22,28, Dec 3, 1974, Feb 7,9, 1975, Feb 16, 1976, Jan 17, May 18,27, Oct 25, 1977, May 7,9,25,27-28, 1978, Jan 11, May 28, Jun 3, 6, 1979, May 26, 28, 1980, Apr 2, 1986
Runners of Hawaii
J. Salmonsen, Ultrarunning Magazine, “Ultrarunning in Hawaii – Part I – A History,” Aug 15, 2013
The Evolution of the Honolulu Marathon with Jack Scaff

79: The 100-miler: Part 25 (1978-1984) Early Hawaiian 100-milers

By Davy Crockett