The Six-Day Race Part 5: Daniel O'Leary (1875)

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By Davy Crockett

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By March 1875, Edward Payson Weston, from New York City, was on top of the ultrarunning world (called Pedestrianism). He had just won the first six-day race in history, was the only person who had ever walked 500 miles in six days and held the 24-hour world walking record of 115 miles. Through his efforts and the promotion of P.T. Barnum, the sport had been given a rebirth and was on the front pages of newspapers across America.

Weston had won hundreds of thousands of dollars in today’s value for his exploits and obviously others wanted a piece of this action too. Was Weston one of a kind, or would others succeed in dethroning him? A true rival did emerge from Chicago, an Irishman who worked hard to try to become the best, Daniel O’Leary.

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Others Try to be Six-Day Kings

After his victory in the first six-day race in history, held in P.T. Barnum’s New York City Hippodrome, Weston had established himself as the undisputed six-day king. Others attempted to match Weston’s 500-mile six-day accomplishment achieved in New Jersey, in December 1874. The press still could not resist taking a poke at Weston. “Samuel Williamson of Milwaukee imitated Weston’s attempts to walk 500 miles in six days, and the imitation was so successful that he failed ridiculously.”

In April 1875, Allen Brown claimed to walk 500 miles in six days in Nashville, “the first pedestrian who has accomplished the feat without a charge of trickery.” It is very unlikely that this was legitimate. Brown was unknown and was never again mentioned in connection with Pedestrianism. Brown was just a pretender, but a true contender immerged in Chicago, Illinois.

Daniel O’Leary

Daniel O’Leary (1846-1933) was born in Carrigroe, Clonakilty, Ireland and as a child lived through terrible years of potato blight, causing horrible starvation and disease. It was said that he began walking very early in life, jumped out of the cradle early, and walked three miles in under an hour while still a toddler. It was written, “This was looked upon as astonishing, considering his size and years, and it was predicted that he would become a great pedestrian.” As a youth he rarely took rides and instead relied on his legs to go from place to place.

Under great difficulties, he was able to get a good education in Ireland. “In the village playground, amongst his classmates, he showed quite a preeminence in athletic sports, while he was yet in his teens. He was the ringleader of all the boys in the locality and was a favorite.” During his late teens he worked hard for two years in the interest of Ireland with all his energy and when free, fled the taxation coming.

In 1865, at the age of nineteen, like so many other Irish, he immigrated to America. He could not find work in New York City, so he settled in Chicago, where he first worked in a lumber yard. He next sold pictures door-to-door for B. Bierfield and then sold Bibles door-to-door. After the tragic massive Chicago fire of 1871, he became financially crippled and because of so many homeless people in Chicago, he had to peddle books in surrounding villages. He built up his endurance from speed walking his routes. It was said that when he tried to sell books to people, that many told him to “take a walk,” so he did.

O’Leary Takes up Long-Distance Walking

In 1874, O’Leary was a tailor and toymaker in the heart of Chicago. He overheard a group discussing Weston’s walking exploits, including his attempts to walk 500 miles in six days. One person said that only a Yankee could accomplish the feat. Another commented that Weston was planning on going to Europe. O’Leary said, “If he dropped into Ireland on the way he’d get beaten so bad that he’d never again call himself a walker.” Everyone laughed at him. He finally said that he thought he could beat Weston. They then roared with laughter.

O’Leary’s First 100-mile Walk

O’Leary, even though he was a naturalized citizen of the United States, wanted to prove that an Irishman could be a successful distance walker. He rented the West Side Rink on at the corner of West Randolf and Ada Streets in Chicago, announced that he would be attempting to walk 100 miles in 24 hours, and distributed boastful circulars all over the city. Betting odds were 4-1 against his success. He walked on July 13, 1874, on a tiny track measuring 13.2 laps to a mile “with the air of a man who was determined to conquer or die.” His fuel during the walk was only ice water and brandy. The summer heat inside the rink was terrible and the track was rickety.

O’Leary reached his goal and finished in 23:17:58. It was more than two hours slower than Weston’s best, but he proved that an Irishman could walk 100 miles in less than 24 hours. His friends presented him with the “Championship Pedestrian Medal of the United States.” But in reality, Weston was recognized by the national public as the premier American Pedestrian. O’Leary believed he could beat him and started to issue public challenges, which Weston ignored.

A month later, O’Leary improved and walked 106 miles in 23:27:13. He was becoming the darling walker of Chicago and started making good money doing it. O’Leary followed news of Weston’s 1874 failures in walking 500 miles in six days (see episode 94) and wanted to accomplish it before Weston but could not raise enough financial support to take it on. He needed to go on the road and gain national fame. In October 1874, he walked 200 miles in 36:29 (moving time) at a rink in St. Louis, Missouri.

Chicago Hero

Chicago fully embraced O’Leary and mocked Weston for not racing against him. “Chicago can boast of being the most enterprising city on the continent, and she can also boast of producing the greatest walker, Mr. D. O’Leary, a present in the world. Weston has not only been beaten by O’Leary, but he does not dare walk a match with the Chicago champion.”

After Weston finally accomplished 500 miles in six days in December of 1874 (see episode 95), O’Leary again publicly challenged Weston to a six-day walking match for a staggering amount of $10,000, but was brushed off again by Weston who said, “Make a good record first and meet me after.” To Weston at the time, O’Leary was just one of a long line of pretenders. Because Weston was at the top of the sport, he did not want to share the spotlight with him or anyone else.

O’Leary in the Hippodrome

To get the national attention he craved, O’Leary knew that he needed to perform his abilities in the pedestrian capital of the world, New York City. In March 1875, after the first historic six-day race held in P.T. Barnum’s New York City Hippodrome, won by Weston, O’Leary made his way to the Hippodrome too.

On March 20, 1875, O’Leary participated in a minor side-show, a 20-mile walking contest against Wilson Reid of New York, known as “the walkist” for $1,000. Reid, the hometown favorite, took the early lead but broke down after 15 miles. O’Leary said, “I don’t think I had a friend in the audience, but they changed toward the close.” The event helped O’Leary make inroads into the New York City pedestrian establishment.

Final Pedestrians in the Hippodrome – Battle of the Sexes

At the end of March 1875, P.T. Barnum re-opened his massive New York Hippodrome for a final two-week season before taking his circus on the road. He decided to schedule one last Pedestrian race in Hippodrome to kick off the finale. If the crowds came in to watch a man walk for hours, what a about a woman? Not only did Barnum create the first six-day race, he also started the American era of professional woman pedestrians, also called, “pedestriennes.”

Before 1875, there were only a few pedestriennes. Back in 1868, Anne Fitzgibbons, “Madame Moore,” a clog dancer from England had come to America and walked 50 miles in upstate New York before small crowds twice. She was later arrested for wearing “male attire” during her walks. This created a big stir with national attention as she received a suspended sentence. But in the following few years, no American female pedestrians received attention.

M’lle Lola vs. William E Harding

Barnum found “The Aerial Wonder” M’lle Lola, a gymnast, and trapeze performer, who had been performing her “aerial flights” at the Bowery Opera House in New York City for about a year. Several years earlier she had competed against a rival male trapeze performer in New Brunswick, Canada. Even though she had fractured her jaw, she had succeeded in accomplishing the daring feat, beat the man, and won the wager.

Lola agreed to be part of a pedestrian race in Barnum’s Hippodrome during one of the final weeks. Her competitor would be William E. Harding, of New York. He was the editor of the National Police Gazette. Yes, an ultramarathon pitting a man against a woman! Barnum was brilliant. This “battle of the sexes” would take place nearly 100 years before the famed 1973 tennis match between Billy Jean King and Bobby Riggs.

The male pedestrian, Harding, had been trying to become a professional pedestrian and a few months earlier, in November 1874, lost a race against Edward Mullen by 15 minutes, walking 212 miles from Jersey City to Philadelphia and back. He jumped at the chance to walk in the Hippodrome, even against a woman.

The Lola-Harding race was held on the same track in the Hippodrome used by the first six-day race won by Weston. Harding would be required to walk 50 miles in ten and a half hours, and Lola would be required to walk 30 miles in that same time.

The Race – Man vs. Woman

This historic ultrarunning first started at 12:06 p.m. on March 29, 1875. The New York Daily Herald reported, “A novelty was presented at the Hippodrome in the shape of a walking match such as has never before occurred in this country, the match being that of a man against a woman. Harding was dressed in white shirt, blue trousers, buttoned at the ankle, English walking shoes and a white hat. He started off at a quick gait, walking well and handsomely.” His first mile was clocked at 9:20, and first five miles, 48:08.

Lola started her walk about a half hour after Harding. “The young lady is no novice at the work and walks in good form. She is slight built but seems to have good powers of endurance. She was rigged in white waist blue knee breeches, striped blue and white stockings and high stout shoes. On the back of her mass of loosely flowing hair was perched a saucy-looking sailor-like hat and in her hands she carried a light riding whip.” She at first took her time but gradually increased speed as she warmed up to a 15-minute-mile pace.

The race went on throughout the day but had to be halted temporarily during of the “Blue Beard” procession. Harding reached 25 miles in about 5:15. “The band struck up a lively tune and Harding spun around the track at a terrific gait, little Lola also making good time.” Lola reached 25 miles in 8:18 while Harding was at about 40 miles. Lola sped up to a 12-minute-mile and finished her 30 miles in 9:59 for the win. Harding finished his 50 miles in 10:49:57. Even with his 31-minute head start, Lola crossed her finish line about 18 minutes before Harding crossed his.

In the years to come M’lle Lola would continue as a female pedestrian but her true fame came as the most daring female trapeze artist in America, “The Queen of the Trapeze,” who performed to crowded houses.

Barnum’s Hippodrome Closes

After nearly a year of performances and many historic ultrarunning events, Barnum’s New York Hippodrome closed on April 10, 1875. It then went on the road, first to Philadelphia. “At 1 a.m. the procession to Jersey City began. It was in almost as great variety as the crowd in Noah’s Ark, and more of a kind. There were 100 trained horses, with a rider for every four, two elephants, a long line of camels, then the gages, all closed and dark, then the baggage wagons.” The procession extended for three blocks and brought everything to train cars. Before daylight everything was loaded including 300 performers. The great show left New York City.

Barnum retired from promoting pedestrianism, left the Hippodrome empty, but ultrarunning history would continue in that venue during the years to come. William Henry Vanderbilt (1821-1885) owned the property that was leased for the Hippodrome. After the circus vacated, band leader Patrick Gilmore (1829-1892) leased the property for concerts, flower shows, beauty contests, dog shows, and boxing matches. The venue was renamed Gilmore’s Concert Garden and opened three months later in July 1875. A permanent roof was added around 1876. It became one of the most popular venues in the city and eventually in 1879 was renamed Madison Square Garden.

O’Leary’s First Six-Day Attempt

O’Leary still needed to prove that he was a legitimate challenger to Weston. He accomplished that in April 1875, by walking 116 miles in 24 hours, beating Weston’s best of 115 miles, leaving “him in the shadows.” O’Leary did it in a very impressive 23:08 minutes in Philadelphia.

Even with that accomplishment, Weston still wasn’t interested in a match against O’Leary. How would O’Leary perform in a six-day match? O’Leary wanted to prove to Weston and the world that he could do 500 miles in six-days too. The Chicago Tribune reported on their favorite pedestrian, “O’Leary, who less than a year ago, was utterly unknown in pedestrian circles, has, within a very brief time, accomplished feats which have placed him at the very head of those who follow professionally the ‘heel-and-toe’ exercise. His performances against time have outrivaled Weston, who resisted all efforts to bring him into a trial of speed and endurance.”

O’Leary would curiously give himself six and a half days to reach 500 miles instead of the standard six days. He made his attempt at the West Side Rink in Chicago on May 15, 1875. It was delayed several hours because of the condition of the track. “The rink, which during the winter was used for skating, was found to be in a horrible condition for walking. The flooring actually rested on a bed of mud and water, which splashed up between the boards at every step.” O’Leary’s team quickly went to work, securing quality boards that were placed around the circumference of the track, and then covered them with a large amount of sawdust and shavings. Great care was taken to survey the track so that no one could claim that it was short. “There can be no doubt of the fairness and squareness of the walk.”

O’Leary started his walk on Sunday afternoon at 4:13 p.m. Instead of wearing the rather pompous pedestrian velvet attire that Weston typically wore, O’Leary dressed more like the common man. An officer from the sixth police precinct tried to pace him for 50 miles but dropped out after two miles. “A large crowd was in attendance. They were kept back from the track by a railing. The track was surrounded on the outside by a rope supported by stakes at the four corners and at the intermediate points. This provision obliged the pedestrian to turn sharp corners.”

O’Leary was described as “of prepossessing countenance and built for an athlete. He stands 5 feet 9 ½ inches, and his carriage is erect. He steps with such regularity and elasticity that his movements, though quick, seem smooth. His gait is not long or swinging, but he has a short, quick hip-step, which gets him over the ground very fast.”

He reached 50 miles in 8:50:28, 100 miles in 23:01, and 200 miles in less than 50 hours. While walking, he sipped on beef tea and during his meal stops, he feasted on beefsteak, eggs, and coffee. As he dined, he was rubbed down and provided with fresh stockings and shoes.

A reporter described O’Leary “as tireless as a locomotive.” On the evening of the third day, he was paced by Thomas A. Allcock, a short-distance champion pedestrian and boatman who was able to keep up with him as he reached 290 miles. The building was “brilliantly illuminated” and a band played as he walked, creating an inspiring experience to watch. Interactions with the spectators were frequent. On one occasion a lady came down and presented him with a large bouquet of flowers. As his walk progressed over 400 miles, the audience grew to 5,000 people. “Young men asked their girls to go and see O’Leary instead of Humpy Dumpty, the Minstrels, the circus or McVicker’s. His wonderful fast time shown in walking and his determination to succeed, were the topics of conversation elsewhere.”

The track was a continual problem requiring numerous efforts to drain off water, mud, and lay down more sawdust. Finally on day five, it was in such poor shape with water seeping up, that a smaller track was quickly constructed inside the first, which was thought to be eleven laps to a mile. But because this track eliminated the sharp corners of the outside track, it was discovered to be a number of feet short, requiring O’Leary to begin a walking session by walking extra laps to make up the distance. Hampered by a blistered heel, he pushed on, confident that he would succeed.

O’Leary went on to reach about 465 miles in six days and for his last miles was paced by Allcock and several other athletes. “As the final miles were announced, the wildest cheers broke forth, and when the 500^th mile was called, a great shout rent the air, and it was almost impossible to keep the crowd from lifting the wonderful walker from his feet.” He finished his 500 miles in 153:02:50 hours instead of 144 hours (six days). “He showed signs of fatigue but was by no means exhausted at the close and walked the last hour at the rate of one mile in 12:32.”

He won $1,000, an elegant easy-chair, and friends presented him a medal engraved with “Champion Pedestrian of the World.” Even though O’Leary did not match Weston’s 500 miles in six days, the Chicago press proclaimed, “This feat completely eclipses humbug Weston, and shows undeniably that Chicago’s pet, O’Leary, can outlast the puffed-up Weston. Let Weston meet O’Leary, without any more nonsense, and take his punishment.” Most agreed that Weston now had a legitimate challenger and hoped that they would race against each other.

Pedestrian Fever in Chicago

O’Leary’s fame spread through Chicago as Pedestrian fever caught fire across the city. “It has wholly transformed the appearance of the streets. The sidewalks are now crowded with hurrying pedestrians all stepping forward, male and female, in true professional style with heads thrown back, and hands held up high, each apparently striving to achieve a six-mile gait. Street cars pass along once in a while but if they contain any passengers at all, they are cripples, weak and infirm old people, or shop boys with heavy bundles. Men can be seen with watches in their hands timing themselves as they dart forward, and muttering strange words about minutes, seconds, and distances.” O’Leary’s fame also spread across America and even back to Ireland. He now worked fulltime as a pedestrian, putting on races, exhibitions, and coaching others.

Weston Also Walks for Six Days

Weston surely knew what O’Leary was doing in Chicago. A “tit for tat” competition evolved where the two were trying to out-do each other. Weston wanted to preempt O’Leary’s six-day effort and also beat O’Leary’s 116 miles in 24-hours. He started a six-day attempt, a week before O’Leary’s six-and-a-half-day walk. He again performed at the Third Avenue American Institute Hall (former skating rink) in New York City. He began his walk on May 9, 1875, at 12:02 a.m. with a goal to reach 118 miles in the first 24 hours, 125 miles in 25 hours, 200 miles in two days and 515 miles in six days.

After only 22 miles, and five hours, he left the track with a problem to have his shoes cleaned. “On removing his shoes, it was found his left foot was badly cut below the ankle where it had come in contact with the raised margin of the track.” After consulting with his doctor, it was decided to abandon his 118-mile quest during the first 24 hours and let his foot calm down.

He rested and slept for four hours and then at 9:42 a.m., he came back started a remarkable non-stop 100-mile journey. He reached 50 miles in 7:27:40 from his second start, 100 miles in 20:01:58 and reached 117 miles within a 24-hour timespan, reclaiming the 24-hour world record from O’Leary. He was pleased that he beat O’Leary 116 miles, proving that he was still the best. He reached 75 miles after day one, 173 miles after two days, 235 in three, was described as “badly used up,” 289 in four, 340 in five, and finished in six days with “only” 370 miles.

Weston Tries to Walk for Six Days Immediately Again

Weston’s crushed ego took over his brain. On the very next day, he started another 515-mile six-day attempt at the same venue. Two back-to-back six-day attempts! Well-known citizens were in attendance to cheer the walking celebrity at the start. “The fact that Weston was to make a second trial immediately after his last week’s labors seemed to create a great curiosity on the part of a number of people to witness the man who could have even the courage to contemplate, let alone start on, a second effort such as this.”

On the same day O’Leary started his walk in Chicago, Weston also started his, at 12:25 a.m. “He seemed to be cheerful and in excellent spirits, and started off briskly, with the exception of a little stiffness, which wore off gradually as he progressed in his tramp.”

Reality eventually set in on Weston. He reached 78 miles on day one, and 139 miles after two days. Foot care was a high priority, and he soaked his feet in saltwater numerous times. By the third day he looked very cheerful with a spring in his step. But on the fourth day, after only 201 miles, “he fell exhausted on the track and was carried to his room. His left leg was badly swollen from the knee to the groin.” On day five he came out for another try but quit after three miles and on the last day he was unable to walk so finally he officially withdrew. It was reported, “A red line extended from the foot to the hip and threatened the formation of an abscess. Weston was determined to go on the track again, but when made to understand that it is a question of losing the limb, if not life, he reluctantly consented to throw up the race.”

Over the ten days of both efforts, he had covered 571 miles. (Compare that to 740 running miles completed in ten days at 2019 Across the Years by Annabel Hepworth, age 47, of Castlecrag, Australia, and more than 950 miles by Yiannis Kouros of Greece, in 1988).

Reaction to Weston’s Failure and Sabbatical

Reaction to Weston’s failure was mixed. In Pennsylvania in was reported, “Weston, the great American failure, did not make his 500 miles in six days. Of course not. As a failure, he is the most discouraging success now afoot. Weston’s mantle has fallen on Daniel O’Leary. As Daniel belongs to Chicago, and performs his mighty feats there, the great city folds Daniel kindly in its arms.”

The back-to-back six-day attempts apparently took their toll on Weston and he went into walking retirement for several months. St. Louis wondered, “What’s become of Weston? Has his sole stopped marching on?” In Boston: “It is said that Barnum has offered Weston $600 to walk against time. Why can’t somebody offer him $2,000 to walk against a stone wall or a buzz saw?”

William Dutcher’s Six-day Attempt

Others were hungry to claim the six-day spotlight. On July 12, 1875, William H. Dutcher, age 27, from Poughkeepsie, New York, a railroad fireman, started a six-day 500-mile attempt in Martin’s Hall at North Adams, Massachusetts.

While a boy, his father died, and he was adopted by a wealthy man from Connecticut. As a teen, he ran away from home, enlisted in the army and served in the Union in the Civil War. Afterwards he returned to his mother’s home in Poughkeepsie and worked for the railroad and married Ida Scott. When he lost his job, he started his career as a Pedestrian in 1870 and accomplished the feat of walking over 100 hours. At the age of twenty-two, keeping his marriage a secret, he married a sixteen-year-old beautiful young fan, Clementina Barnhardt. He was later caught, convicted, and confined to the Albany, New York prison for three years. His poor second bride was affected so much by this that she became “a raving maniac.”

North Adams knew nothing of Dutcher’s background. He was described as “having a round, smooth face, slightly bald head, and small bright eyes. His chest is broad and deep, and his legs are very large. He has an easy, rapid stride when he walks.” It was claimed that he succeeded, reaching the 500-mile mark in five days, 23:25 in front of a packed hall of 1,000 spectators.

If true, Dutcher was only the second person in history, (Weston the first), to reach that milestone in less than six days, and he apparently beat Weston’s time by a few minutes. His handlers signed affidavits that the walk was legitimate. The gate money helped compensate Dutcher’s costs and he made immediate plans to attempt other pedestrian feats. His accomplishment was widely published across the country and surely noticed by both Weston and O’Leary.

But the truth eventually surfaced about Dutcher’s six-day walk. He became a hero in the city of North Adams where he ran up debts around town because of his popularity. A few weeks later, a grand ball was scheduled where he would be featured. He sold many tickets but skipped town and didn’t show up on the night of the event. It was soon also revealed that his famed walking match had been cheated. The timers and judges had been bribed and credited him with miles while he was actually sleeping. Dutcher moved but later, despite being fraud, continued his professional walking career for several years.

Plans For Another Six-day Race

In August 1875, it was announced in New York City that a stock company had been formed to raise funds to hold “a grand international pedestrian tournament” for October in the city that would include a six-day race with $1,000 going to the winner. It was hoped that all the great pedestrians including Weston and O’Leary would compete.

Weston Returns

Four months after his two six-day attempts, on September 8, 1875, Weston came back from his walking sabbatical and attempted to walk 100 miles outdoors on a ball ground at New Haven Connecticut. But early on, he suffered a severe fall on the track and had to quit his walk after 25 miles. Just three days later, he started again at the same venue. He reached 100 miles in 21:30:15. During his walk he rested less than an hour. Always the showman, he included a backward walking lap. He claimed that he needed to succeed at the sub-22-hour 100-miler in order to be eligible for future walks worth $30,000. With his success, he was back in the news again.

On October 16, 1875, O’Leary broke the 100-mile world walking record with a time of 18:53:40. He beat Weston’s previous mark by an hour and fifteen minutes. Using an amateur walker, John T. Ennis (1842-1829) of Chicago as a rabbit pacer, they competed in a race of sorts in the West Side Rink in Chicago. The wager was that O’Leary could reach 100 miles in less time than it took for Ennis to reach 90 miles. At 65 miles, Ennis was only five miles behind, and reached his 90 miles in an exciting finish, four minutes (one half mile) before O’Leary made his 100 miles.

Would Weston and O’Leary finally race against each other? Stay tuned for the next episode of the six-day race history.

The parts of this Six-Day Race series:

Sources

P. S. Marshall, King of the Peds
Tom Osler and Ed Dodd, Ultramarathoning: The Next Challenge
John E Tansey, Biographical Sketch of Daniel O’Leary, Champion Pedestrian of the World
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The Buffalo Commercial (New York), Sep 22, 1879
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97: Six-Day Race Part 5: Daniel O’Leary (1875)

By Davy Crockett