Grand Canyon Rim to Rim History: Lodge Burns Down in 1932

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By Davy Crockett. Read, listen, or watch

This part will cover additional stories found through deeper research, adding to the history shared in Part 2 of this Grand Canyon Rim-to-Rim History. These stories can also be found in the new book, Grand Canyon Rim to Rim History. By 1927, Phantom Ranch was well-established at the bottom of the Canyon. The new South Kaibab trail was complete, and the Black Bridge was nearing completion. On the North side, the North Kaibab trail up Roaring Springs Canyon was also nearing completion, which would make the rim-to-rim hiking experience much easier instead of using the “Old Bright Angel Trail” that went steeply up to the North Rim. During the early 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) had a camp across from Phantom Ranch and worked on many significant projects, including the River Trail along the Colorado River. Their story can also be found in Part 2.

Get Davy Crockett’s new book, Grand Canyon Rim to Rim History. Read more than a century of the history of crossing the Grand Canyon Rim to Rim. 290 pages, 400+ photos. Paperback, hardcover, Kindle, and Audible.

Power and Pump Stations at Roaring Springs

A hydroelectric plant below Roaring Springs was completed in 1927 to pump water up to the North Rim. The plant comprised two turbines connected to generators, powered by water from a small diversion dam on Bright Angel Creek, that was brought a half mile through amazing wooden tubes/troughs. Power was then generated for the pump house, to lift water 3,870 feet to the North Rim through 12,700 feet of three-inch steel pipe which can still be seen today. Water was stored in a 50,000-gallon reservoir on the Rim.

The heavy machinery to construct the plant and pump station had been lowered on a special tramway that was constructed. “It had to have angle stations in it to get around high cliffs. There were two cables to the tram, one to carry the load, and the other moved by a big steam engine which furnished the power to haul the loads along on the big cable. The tramway worked exceptionally well and added its own new chapter to engineering history. It was two miles in length, but its lower end was 4,000 feet below its head-house where was located the big engine that operated it.”

Grand Canyon Lodge at the North Rim

In 1927, construction began on a large hotel, camp, and related facilities on the North Rim. “This will contain large lounging rooms, recreation hall, storeroom, dining room that will seat 200 persons, kitchen with cold storage plant, shower, baths, and accessories. Sixty-two two-room guest lodges of log construction will be provided.” The Utah Parks Company agreed to develop a water supply and establish electric lighting and sewer systems, and telephone lines. They hoped to have everything complete in fifteen months.

The Grand Canyon Lodge, finished in 1928, became a special place to escape the summer heat in the days before air conditioning. It was designed by architect, Gilbert Stanley Underwood (1890-1960) with a Spanish-style exterior and an observation tower. On the top floor, employees stayed in a dorm. Underwood also designed the original lodges at Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks.

In 1930, the new National Park Service Director Horace Marden Albright (1890-1987) said, “The Grand Canyon lodge, including the housekeeping units, employees’ quarters, and other facilities is the finest tourist development in the national park system. The availability of water through the hydroelectric power and pumping plant constructed at Roaring Springs is an outstanding factor in the general development.”

The help at the Lodge were young men and women from colleges, recommended by their faculty. “The students did all the work, acting as clerks, porters, chambermaids, waiters and waitresses, chauffeurs, and guides. They acted also as entertainers, capable of putting on a musical or literary program of good quality. Moreover, they had to be young people of good moral character, sober and industrious.”

On August 6, 1929, a great program was put on at the Lodge for editors who had gathered for a conference. “These young people put on a program in the presence of at least 500 guests, that for excellence we have not seen surpassed in a long time. The leader and director of the affair was a young girl, not over eighteen years of age, a student employee of the Lodge, and a waitress in the dining room. One feature of the program was her leading the entire audience, guests and all, in the singing of old folk songs.”

Grand Canyon Lodge Burns Down

On September 1, 1932, at about 4 a.m. a kitchen fire broke out in the Grand Canyon Lodge on the North Rim. As John Richards, the chief chef, was preparing breakfast for the employees, sparks flew, and a blaze started. He quickly sounded the alarm. Twenty girls from Provo, Utah, employed as waitresses, fled their dormitory on the second floor. “The guests in the adjoining cabins were aroused and many volunteered in preventing the spread of the flames to the more than 100 cabins situated around the central lodge. The flames spread so rapidly that it was impossible to save the personal effects of the employees and the rich furnishings in the building.” Within an hour and a half after the fire was discovered, the Lodge was a raging inferno. Some wet blankets draped over nearby cabins prevented the fire from spreading.

The blaze was visible for 13 miles from the South Rim. Superintendent Miner Tillotson, thinking it was a forest fire, flew over at daylight discovered the devastating damage. “Occupants of two burned deluxe cabins lost personal belongings in their haste to reach safety when the flames spread to their quarters.”

RUINS OF GRAND CANYON LODGE. BLANKETS LAYING OUTSIDE ON GROUND.

The fire left the famed Lodge “a smoldering mass of charred logs and cracked masonry. The loss, including a curio shop, cafeteria, amusement hall, park offices, and a post office, was estimated to be valued at $500,000. Among the fifty guests at the time were Latter-day Saint Church apostle and future president, George Albert Smith (1870-1951), and his daughter. For four years, the ruins stood undisturbed.

A redesigned lodge, using the original stonework, was started in 1936. By November, the main structure was enclosed enough to work on through the winter. It opened on June 1, 1937. The new lodge was better adapted to the winter snow with steeply pitched roofs. The original second story observation tower was not rebuilt. “The new lodge offers luxurious accommodations for the wealthy and also improvements to existing tourist cabins and general store. The lounge and dining have extremely large windows which enables one to view the canyon in all its brilliancy and varying moods.”

Roaring Springs Cave Explored

There is a deep cave where Roaring Springs pours out of the canyon side on the north side of Roaring Springs Canyon, with a clear view of the entrance from the North Kaibab Trail.

The cave was first discovered in 1928 by workmen employed to build the Grand Canyon Lodge. Three men explored with gas lanterns, Bill Denzen, of South Dakota, Mack Jackson (1900-1997) of Toquerville, Utah, and Paul Swain of Salt Lake City, Utah. They said, “We spent four hours in the cave, and went back about two miles. There is a regular labyrinth of tunnels in there, and we didn’t try to explore all of them.” They saw many tunnels with rivers flowing through them. “Finally, we came to a big room floored entirely by the river, and we couldn’t go any further without a boat.”

In 1935, the cave was explored again. Three men, Eddie Seigel, Albert Turner, and Warren Turner, went into the cave and discovered that its depth was about one and one-quarter mile and then was blocked by rock and dirt from an ancient cave-in. “The party made its way back into the cave with the aid of flashlights and gasoline lanterns. The course of the cave follows along in what appears to be an old earthquake fault. Large stalactites and stalagmites, clusters of calcite crystals, and shallow pools of water were found.”

“At one point, the explorers found one side cavern of some considerable length. No very large rooms were discovered, though the cave was easily negotiable throughout the entire length examined. With proper equipment and guidance, park visitors to the Roaring Springs region could easily be afforded an opportunity to experience the thrill of subterranean exploration in this cave.” Today, the cave entrance is gated and locked.

Fire on Bright Angel Trail

As the Black Bridge neared completion in 1928, two congressmen were riding up Bright Angel Trail with Park Superintendent Miner Tillotson (1886-1955), returning from a four-day double crossing. The legislators were Samuel Shaw Arentz (1879-1934) of Nevada and Stewart Hoffman Appleby (1890-1964) of New Jersey.

“Just below Indian Garden, the party came suddenly upon a fire caused, presumably, by smokers in a trail party which had passed a few minutes previously. Congressman Arentz happened to be about 100 yards in the lead and found the fire burning fiercely and spreading rapidly in the dry brush. He immediately started fighting it with his bare hands and succeeded in holding the flames in check until the other two hastily arrived to assist in beating out the fire.”

Congressman Arentz came away with singed eyebrows and torn and burned clothing. Congressman Appleby said, “It is the duty of every American citizen to become personally familiar with the National Parks.” He believed that the Grand Canyon “was second to none for its beauty, grandeur, and diversified character of its scenery.”

Navajo Bridge Over the Colorado in Marble Canyon

The last major construction project to make one-way rim-to-rim travel conveniently possible was the completion of the Navajo Bridge in 1928 over the Colorado River in Marble Canyon. As more and more automobiles were being used, it was a major journey to drive from the South Rim to the North Rim, going over 1,000 miles around through Nevada or using the small, unreliable ferry at Lees Ferry five miles upriver from the new bridge site. The most convenient way to travel between the rims, but most costly, was to go by small plane from the Grand Canyon Village to Kanab, Utah, and then take a bus to the North Rim. With the new bridge, rim-to-rim hikers could now be picked up by automobiles on the other side of the canyon.

Construction started on the bridge on June 30, 1927, finished in October 1928, and the first vehicle drove across on January 8, 1929. It was 835 feet long and 467 feet above the river. Travelers could now drive across the river, drive on the road to Jacob Lake, and then to the North Rim, a drive of about 220 miles. The bridge was first named “Grand Canyon Bridge,” by the Arizona Highway Department, then “Lees Ferry Bridge” when it was completed. Dave Rust, who built the cable tram 20 years earlier, thought the name was terrible, naming it after a ferry. He promoted the name “Marble Canyon Bridge.”

The bridge was dedicated on June 15, 1929, as “Grand Canyon Bridge.” Four governors attended: Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico, along with 8,000 people who made the trek in 2,217 cars into the remote desert. The event was produced by motion picture makers, making a “talkie” newsreel, who gave signals when to talk and when to cut the ribbon. Latter-day Saint church leaders, including President Heber J. Grant (1856-1945), and others, spoke on the struggles of early settlers in the area and put on a gigantic pageant for the crowd. A 1,250-gallon tanker truck from Flagstaff brought in water for the gathering.

In 1934, the bridge was renamed “Navajo Bridge,” at the insistence of President Heber J. Grant and the NPS to honor native Americans. A name change was hotly debated, quietly changed by the Arizona Highway Commission, and finally approved by Arizona legislators. It was appropriate because half of the funds to build the bridge came from funds from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

The original bridge still exists today as a pedestrian bridge. It was replaced in 1995 by a new bridge that was built 150 feet downstream that could handle heavier and wider vehicles.

Bright Angel Trail improvements

The Bright Angel Trail received an important facelift in 1932. The Devil’s Corkscrew area had been a constant problem from rockfall and washouts. Below Indian Garden, the trail was moved to follow Garden Creek and then to a new Devil’s Corkscrew to the east of the first one. The Park Service reported, “Many of the sharp zigzags have been eliminated, grades have been greatly reduced, and a heavy rock guard wall has been placed along the outer edge of the trail. Even the most timid now should feel no hesitancy in taking this scenic trip.”

Cycling Rim to Rim

Believe it or not, in 1933 a man rode a bicycle rim to rim. Emile Geyelin Rodney (1911-1980), age 21, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, was a long-distance cyclist. He first rode 886 miles from New York to the World’s Fair in Chicago, on the Lincoln Highway, taking 11 days. He then performed other rides in various places across the country.

In late June, he rode to the North Rim from Kanab, Utah, and then got permission from the Park Service to ride his bike across the Canyon. “He made the trip on his bicycle from the North Rim to the South Rim over the famous Kaibab Trail, covering this distance in a little more than eight hours. According to the rangers at the Canyon, it takes a full day to make the same trip by mule back and 12-14 hours on foot.”

1936 Flood

On August 19, 1936, a massive flash flood sent a wall of water down Bright Angel Creek that was said to be up to 16 feet high through “The Box.” That night, a rescue crew, including four CCC members, were sent down from the North Rim to search for some Park employees that had not arrived from Phantom Ranch.

Louis “Leo” Lester Purvis (1910-2006), age 26, recalled, “Since the cloud cover remained throughout the night, it was necessary to burn the flashlights at all times. Even though the trail was almost obliterated, there was enough evidence left to follow it. Boulders littered the trail and signs of landslides were on every hand. Every step was made with extreme caution for fear of starting another rockslide.” By the time they reached Bright Angel Creek, the water had subsided, running normally. “The high water had made a boulder field out of the trail area.”

The rescuers located the missing men at 1 a.m. on a ledge north of “The Box.” They were in terrible shape, and seriously cold, but were revived with a warm fire and emergency whiskey. A ranger in the rescue crew had sprained his ankle navigating boulders. He was brought to Phantom Ranch by 4 a.m. When the good news spread that all the men were alive, a great shout was made that woke up everyone there.

The flood destroyed the water pipeline going up to the North Rim. Damages were estimated at $50,000. Temporary water facilities were provided for the North Rim Lodge and camp. The North Kaibab Trail was closed. CCC enrollees went to work repairing the damage.

Snowy Rim to River and Back Attempt

During the winter, on February 9, 1939, Casimar Pultorak (1916-1939), age 23, and his friend Paul Emile Des Jardins (1920-2004) age 18, both from Detroit, Michigan, attempted to do a rim-to-river and back hike in a day using Bright Angel Trail from the South Rim. Despite being warned by rangers that bad weather was coming in, they went down, underdressed for any cold conditions.

They successfully made it down to the river. On their return to Indian Garden, they were advised to stop there until the storm passed, but they refused to heed the warning. As they were climbing back up, they were hit with one of the worst blizzards locals had remembered, which dumped 2-3 feet of snow on the South Rim. “Pultorak became exhausted, and his companion endeavored to carry him, but realizing the impossibility of the undertaking suggested that they retrace their steps to Indian Garden and await more favorable weather conditions. Pultorak didn’t approve of the idea and when Des Jardin decided he would return to Indian Garden, Pultorak, somewhat recovered from his exhaustion, decided he would continue to the top.”

Des Jardins walked only a short way down until he was exhausted and took refuge by climbing in the rafters of one of the rest houses to get out of the wind. He did not realize that there was a phone in that location where he could have called for help.

The next day, Wilber Wright and his wife descended on mules. They found Pultorak dead in a snow drift with his legs sticking out. Des Jardins was found in the rafters of the rest house, in critical condition. He was brought back up on the back of a mule and was so badly affected that he could not talk. His feet were terribly frostbitten but were saved, although he lost one toe.

Recognized Rim to Rim FKT

A 1938 article in the Los Angeles Times mentioned a rim-to-rim Fastest Known Time (FKT) set by Samuel Kenyon Holt (1900-1983). He was originally from Illinois, a “Perdue man,” and had run from the North Rim to the South Rim, with a time of 4:18, a few years previous. He had been a construction worker at the North Rim. That time was recognized until it was broken 25 years later. The article stated. “A trail for experienced hikers is the famous Kaibab Trail, the only path which extends from one rim of the canyon to the other. Eight hours is usually considered a fast time for the 21-mile meander from rim to rim.”

Pigeons Race Out of Grand Canyon

On May 12, 1940, twenty-five racing carrier pigeons were released from Phantom Ranch to attempt a 125-mile flight back to their lofts in Prescott, Arizona. This was a legitimate competition of pigeons from seven states. “Their trainers were confident that they would negotiate the flight successfully despite prediction by some fanciers that the mile-high walls of the gorge, the maze of the canyons, wind currents, and hawks, would prove too much for them.”

Many of the speedy birds were successful. The winner was a bird named Henry. The bird owned by Sam Crowe (1898-1955) of Topeka, Kansas, flew to Prescott in 3:23. It broke the Grand Canyon FKT for birds by 23 minutes.

Death on the Trail

The first death of a hiker falling off the Bright Angel Trail occurred on August 4, 1940, when Mary Jane Johnson (1923-1940), age 17, a Canyon employee, and high school student from Glendale, Arizona, did a scramble off of the trail, while chatting over to a friend still on the trail, and failed to jump to another ledge, falling 180 feet.

Rim to Rim in the 1940s

During the 1940s, many went to defend the country fighting in World War II. There were few daring rim-to-rim hikers during that time. Nearly all the journeys across the Canyon involved mule rides. It was emphasized, “Mulebacking is recommended for all but top-conditioned hikers.” Most of those people who ventured up Bright Angel Creek were seeking fish.

A few hikers made the rim-to-rim trek in multiple days and newspapers would make a big deal out of it. In 1941, R. L. Fry and his eldest son Bobby hiked rim-to-rim, starting at the North Rim, and indulged in a little fishing on the way in Bright Angel Creek. They took a day and a half.

Tourists on the rim would “gawk” at the unusual hikers who came out of the canyon by foot. One hiker wrote in 1941, “Arrived at the top to amusement and amazement of visitors, who had been following our progress with interest and who roamed around us as we rested, snapping pictures as if we were a newly discovered Indian tribe or something.” A college hiking club at Flagstaff, Arizona, made annual group hikes into the canyon for many years.

In 1943, Frederick F. Hoerger, a poet from Greenwich Village, New York City, went on an adventure. “He took the bus to Jacob Lake and, carrying a 25-pound pack, hoofed it over the Kaibab Trail across the big gorge. He spent two nights out in the open. Not our idea of fun, but it’s quite an accomplishment.”

Visit to Phantom Ranch

By 1941, Phantom Ranch was well-established and popular. For more than a decade, the Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, Arizona, had a hiking club that would descend into the Canyon regularly. One student shared their experience camping along Bright Angel Creek near Phantom Ranch. “Some of the more rugged members of our group went swimming at Phantom Ranch swimming pool while supper was cooking. After supper, we all went over to the Ranch and sat around loafing and listening to the cowboys. (I don’t think they were real.) The next day we all went river-crazy and spent most of the day on the Colorado River swimming, sunning and fishing. Lots of channel catfish, and we caught enough for supper. We went to Phantom Ranch again that night. Their hospitality is marvelous. We indulged in pocket pool, talking and stuff.”

In 1942, extensive repairs were made to the buildings and sewer lines at the ranch. All the cabins had air-conditioners installed to pamper the guest during the hot summer months.

Grand Canyon Visitors Increase

With the end of World War II in 1945, in 1946, the Grand Canyon received more visitors than any year before as people started to travel again. Rim to rim travel started up again. “Spring has come to Phantom Ranch at the bottom of the canyon. Mule parties reaching the ranch daily report that apricots and cherries are in bloom, the cottonwoods are in full leaf. The mule trips to the river and to Phantom Ranch are increasingly popular.”

A small peach orchard at Phantom Ranch was now over 20 years old. Hikers passing through would, at times, snatch one or two of the delicious fruit. In 1947, a tourist from Ohio felt guilty about their thievery and mailed in five dimes to the Grand Canyon ranger station. A letter was enclosed that read, “I am enclosing 50 cents in coins for peaches I ate from the orchard on the floor of the canyon several years ago. I wish to express my regrets, but at that time I didn’t consider it wrong.”

Easter weekend started to be a traditional popular weekend to hike down into the Grand Canyon. In 1948, a large group of nearly 100 members of the Sierra Club made their way down to Phantom Ranch.

Drag-outs and Guides

Muleskinner/guide Dean Clevenger was a colorful character. When the Kolb Studio would snap pictures of the mule train at the top of Bright Angel Trail, he would tell his worried clients that the photos were for “identifying the bodies.” Frequently hikers going down to the river and back admitted that they could not climb back out and asked for a mule ride. Guides would at times poke fun at these “drag-outs.”

During the 1940s, three women hiked down wearing “tennis shoes,” and developed terrible blisters. They planned to stay overnight at Phantom Ranch and wanted a mule ride back up. Clevenger said, “Tell you what, I’ll feed them mules plenty of soft hay tonight so’s they’ll be nice and soft to ride tomorrow. Course we got nothin’ left but blind mules, but them mules hear real good.” The next day, the women were worried that the mules would go off the trail. Clevenger yelled, “Mules and horses don’t never commit suicide. We ain’t goin’ off into the river if you shove us with a bulldozer.” He asked the ladies, “Any of you girls rich widows?” but remember, “Nah, I saw your ugly husbands.” The tennis-shoed husbands had elected to hike back up. In 1969, Clevenger died in an accident while working in the Four Corners area.

Weather Impacts

A fierce thunderstorm on September 30, 1946, dumped 1.5 inches of rain within a short period, on the South Rim. Water was running in a river at Indian Garden. The Bright Angel Trail was seriously damaged and closed for a week to make repairs.

1948 was a low snow year for the North Rim. Rangers were able to easily conduct a rim-to-rim journey in late January on mules, and the North Kaibab Trail was free of snow. Peach trees at Phantom Ranch were blossoming in March. 1949 was a record year for snow at the Grand Canyon. By February, 78 inches of snow had fallen at the South Rim. Eight inches of snow had been seen at Cottonwood Campground on Bright Angel Creek, “something entirely unheard of.” A trail crew trying to keep the trails open was trapped down in the Canyon for several days.

1948 Flood

On August 5, 1948, heavy rains caused flooding down Roaring Springs Canyon and Bright Angel Creek. It knocked out the power and water plant down at Roaring Springs, which caused the North Rim lodge and cafeteria to be shut down. “Severe damage to Kaibab trail was reported. On the South Rim, Bright Angel Trail was washed out, but the damage was not serious.” It would take a week to repair that trail.

About 120 feet of water pipe going up to the North Rim was washed out. Water for the lodge had to be hauled in from 40 miles away until repairs could be completed. About two miles of the North Kaibab trail had also been washed out. The campground at Phantom Ranch sustained a lot of damage. Footbridges and water pipes were washed out. It was believed the flood waters killed many of the trout that had been stocked in Bright Angel creek.

The flood washed out about 240 feet of the penstock (trough) that brought water from Bright Angel Creek to power the plant at Roaring Springs. Twenty men working 72 hours straight were able to repair the water and power facility, allowing the North Rim Lodge to function again. Plans were soon put in place to use a diesel engine to power the water pumps instead of the fragile hydroelectric setup at Roaring Springs.

1949

In August 1949, hikers were issued cautions after a large rock fall narrowly missed a mule party of eight going up Bright Angel Trail, throwing two people off their mules, uninjured, but badly frightened.

On July 28, 1949, two young men, employed by the Utah Parks Co. connected with history and went down the old Bright Angel Trail on the North Rim, which had not been used for more than 20 years. They made it down about four miles, went off trail, and then Irvin Delbert Bird Jr. (1930-2009), age 19, of Tooele, Utah fell and was severely stabbed in the leg by a sharp spine of an agave plant. His companion, Donald Price Van Steeter (1929-2004), of Salt Lake City, went down to the Roaring Springs power plant, and used the telephone to call for help. A ranger party with a mule rescued the embarrassed young man.

In 1949, Harry E. Brown, a fire control employee for the Park, ran what is believed to be the first double-crossing in less than 24 hours. Brown was a World War II veteran who served in China. In 1950 he went on to be employed by the Forest Service near Frazer, Colorado and then returned to duty as an officer in the Marine Corps in 1953, where he volunteered for cold weather combat training in the Sierra Mountains of California.

Grand Canyon Rim-to-Rim Series

Sources:

Arizona Republic (Phoenix, Arizona), May 6, 27, 1928, Sep 9, 1928, May 13, 1930, Aug 1, 1932, Jul 20, Oct 25, 1933, Mar 11, 1934, Jul 22, 1935, Aug 9, 1936, Jun 16, 1941, Mar 21, 1846, Aug 6, 1948
Los Angeles Times (California), Feb 9, 1929, Aug 7, 1938
Williams News (Arizona), Dec 2, 1927, Jul 13, 1928, Feb 16, 1939, Sep 4, 1941, Feb 26, 1942, Oct 21, 1948
The Coconino Sun (Flagstaff, Arizona), Sep 16, Oct 7, 1927
The Salt Lake Tribune (Utah), Sep 16, 1928, Sept 2, 1932, Mar 6, 1934, Feb 24, 26 1937
Deseret News (Salt Lake City, Utah), Sep 15, 1928, Sep 1, 1934, Jun 28, 1949
Salt Lake Telegram (Utah), Aug 6, 1948
Arizona Daily Star (Tucson, Arizona), May 8, 1928, Jun 16, 1929, Feb 23, 1937, Mar 31, 1940, Mar 23, 1947, Aug 7, 1948
Arizona Daily Sun (Flagstaff, Arizona), Oct 8, 14, 1946, Jan 19, Aug 6, 9, 1848, Oct 13, 1948, Jan 17, 26, 1949
The Richfield Reaper (Utah), Jun 13, 1929
Tucson Citizen (Arizona), Nov 27, 1927, Apr 5, Jul 8, 1928
The Pittsburgh Press (Pennsylvania), Jan 9, 1927
The Kansas City Star (Missouri), Jul 2, 1922, Jan 23, 1927
Stockton Evening and Sunday Record (California), Feb 26, 1927
Redwood City Tribune (California), Apr 18, 1927
Honolulu Star-Bulletin (Hawaii), Feb 20, 1928
The San Bernardino County (California), Sun, Mar 4, 1928
Omaha World-Herald (Nebraska), May 6, 1928
Brooklyn Times Union (New York), May 9, 1928
The Salt Lake Mining Review (Utah), Jan 15, 1929
The Leader-Post (Regina, Canada), Jul 20, 1929
The Needles Nugget (California), Sep 6, 1929
Parowan Times (Utah), Sep 11, 1929
The Perry County Democrat (Bloomfield, Pennsylvania), Nov 6, 1929
Greeley Daily Tribune (Colorado), Mar 14, 1930
Santa Cruz Evening News (California), Jun 26, 1930
Lithgow Mercury (New South Wales), Mar 21, 1930
Ames Daily Tribune (Iowa), Aug 15, 1933
The News-Palladium (Benton Harbor, Michigan), June 6, 1933
The Spokesman-Review (Spokane, Washington), Jun 16, 1934
The Boston Globe (Massachusetts), Jun 27, 1934
The Santa Fe New Mexican (New Mexico), Feb 26, 1935
Carlsbad Current-Argus (Carlsbad, New Mexico), Mar 1, 1935
The San Bernardino County Sun (California), Nov 16, 1935
Reno Gazette-Journal (Reno, Nevada), Aug 21, 1936
The Hanford Sentinel (California), Feb 22, 1937
The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah), Feb 22, 1937
The Cincinnati Enquirer (Ohio), Aug 7, 1938
Battle Creek Enquirer (Michigan), Feb 10, 1939
The Benkelman Post (Nebraska), Aug 23, 1940
The Miami News (Florida), Jan 7, 1940

139: Grand Canyon Rim-to-Rim History – Part 10: More for 1927-1949